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Apes, Language, and the Human Mind
Free Download Apes, Language, and the Human Mind
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From Scientific American
Kanzi, a male bonobo (an ape sometimes called a pygmy chimpanzee), has been under the care of language researcher Savage-Rumbaugh since infancy. Over a period of 18 years, he has learned to communicate his wants and to respond to spoken English by means of pictorial symbols called lexigrams. His communicative capability is about equal to that of a two-and-a-half-year-old human child. The first third of the book presents Savage-Rumbaugh's clear and entertaining account of Kanzi's upbringing. The remainder, largely written by the other two authors, is an argument in academic prose addressed primarily to critics who "insist that no ape has ever developed truly linguistic skills." The authors declare their "shared belief that the Kanzi research presents a serious and effective challenge not only to scientific thinking about the cognitive and communicational capacities of nonhuman primates, but also to received knowledge concerning the possession of those capacities by humans."
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Review
...enormously entertaining... -- The San Francisco Chronicle, Theodore RoszakThis book is worthwhile reading. It is provacative and entertaining. The issues it raises are fundamental. Are we different and above all other species? The authors scream 'NO'. You be the judge. -- Roger L. Mellgren, Applied Cognitive Psychology
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Product details
Hardcover: 254 pages
Publisher: Oxford University Press; 1 edition (June 18, 1998)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0195109864
ISBN-13: 978-0195109863
Product Dimensions:
6.2 x 0.8 x 9.3 inches
Shipping Weight: 1.2 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
Average Customer Review:
4.1 out of 5 stars
5 customer reviews
Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
#2,159,389 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
When Sue Savage-Rumbaugh and others first began suggesting that apes (chimpanzees and bonobos) had better communication skills than language experts would credit, she and the others were soundly denounced by a scholarly community who suggested she and the others were fooled by the clever Hans phenomenon or were making up their evidence. As evidence from her research accumulated, cognition theorists, linguists, and the like continued to reject her methods and results. But eventually, the evidence that some apes have some skills comparable to human language skills became insurmountable.This book is in three parts, written by a primatologist, philosopher, and a rhetoric and language scholar. Each takes the academic community to task at a different level. Savage-Rumbaugh presents her evidence that apes demonstrate communication (even language) skills. Stuart Shanker and Talbot Taylor examine the logic and rhetoric her arguments as compared to the arguments of her detractors, demonstrating that Savage-Rumbaugh's work is as serious and valid as that of the others', and demonstrating (at least to my satisfaction) that the arguments of her detractors are specious.The ramifications of this book and several others like it are significant. It says a great deal about the nature of human communication and language if bonobos can use the same processes as children to come to human language.As time passes, the value of a book may ebb. This is a 1998 book in a time when events happen quickly . . . it is for that reason, alone, that I give the book only 4 stars.
Loved the first 3rd of this book. All about Kanzi's antics & knowledge! The last 2/3rds is more scientific.
Sue Savage-Rumbaugh (born 1946) is a primatologist most famous for her work with two bonobos, Kanzi and Mulika, investigating their apparent use of "Great Ape language" using lexigrams and computer-based keyboards. She is also the author of Kanzi: The Ape at the Brink of the Human Mind. In this 1998 book, she has teamed with a professor of Philosophy, and a professor of Linguistics, and they state in the Preface, "The authors' motivation in writing this book lies in our shared belief that the Kanzi research presents a serious and effective challenge not only to scientific thinking about the cognitive and communicative capacities of nonhuman primates, but also to received knowledge concerning the possession of these capacities by humans. At the very least, we feel that the results of this research oblige us to reconsider 'what we thought we knew' about the nature of communication and its relation to cognition. What is promised is a complete shift on how communication and cognition are seen--and understood."The authors admit, "We found that while it was easy to get chimps to use symbols in a way that looked like language, it was much more difficult to get them to understand and use symbols in a manner that was truly equivalent to that of young children."They state, "It was important to look for evidence of grammatical rules in Kanzi's utterances because many linguistic scholars have argued that the utterances of apes should not be characterized as truly linguistic in nature unless it can be shown that they employ grammatical rules similar to those found in human languages.... This seemed to me an extreme position. After all, Kanzi had learned to comprehend and use printed symbols on his own without special training.... Consequently, whether or not he could be shown to possess a formal grammar, the conclusion remained inescapable that Kanzi had a simple language."They ask probing questions, such as concerning the chimp Washoe: "Washoe's ability was startling, but was it language? Washoe knew what to do with her signs, but did she really understand what the signs themselves did in terms of her communication with others? It was not clear that Washoe's language possessed a syntax or that she fully understood the representational power of language."
This brilliant and original book demonstrates that symbolic representation is the basic substance of language, and shows once and for all that language is not an exclusively human achievement. Savage-Rumbaugh's serendipitous discovery that the critical period for language acquisition in bonobos is in early infancy renders all earlier language experimentation with apes obsolete. Contrary to Chomsky and Pinker, grammar is a high level embellishment to language, rather than the foundation of communicative skill. The philosophical commentaries on Savage-Rumbaugh's work by Shanker and Taylor bring out the revolutionary implications of her findings, and provide a new and more sophisticated point of view on the continuities and discontinuities between ourselves and our nearest relatives. It's good to see contemporary science finally replacing the 17th century perspective of many linguists.
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